Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Citronella Oil in Alginate/Carrageenan Beads: Characterization and Kinetic Models

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect ultrasonication on citronella oil encapsulation using alginate/carrageenan (Alg/Carr) in presence sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). functional groups microparticles were characterized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and beads’ morphologies observed a scanning electron microscope (SEM). FTIR results showed that process caused C-H bonds (1426 cm−1) break down, resulting polymer degradation. SEM cavities or pores cracked wall decrease size. In study, use ultrasound during Alg/Carr enhanced efficiency up 95–97%. kinetic evaluation release beads treated with (UTS) higher k1 value Ritger–Peppas model than without (non-UTS), indicating rate from faster. R/F Peppas–Sahlin UTS smaller non-UTS model, revealing bioactive compounds UTS-treated diffusion-controlled rather due relaxation mechanism. This study suggests potential utilization for controlling compound rate.